When generating a call tree, pprof was using a map to keep track of all the
inline nodes for a location. That is incorrect as it may cause inline functions
at different nesting levels to reuse the same node, causing the resulting graph
to not be a tree.

When creating a tree nodes with the same info may appear on multiple places
in the tree. Keeping one of them preserves them all, which may cause disconnected
nodes to remain. To ensure the resulting graph is a connected tree, do not include
children on any removed node, which is suitable for the normal tree refinement
(nodecount and nodefraction) but does not allow visual refinement, which may eliminate
intermediate nodes. Disable visual mode refinement for call_tree to avoid this issue.